Multi-Processor Architecture and Method

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a multi-processor architecture and method are described herein. Embodiments provide alternatives to the use of an external bridge integrated circuit (IC) architecture. For example, an embodiment multiplexes a peripheral bus such that multiple processors can use one peripheral interface slot without requiring an external bridge IC. Embodiments are usable with known bus protocols.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/245,686, filed Oct. 3, 2008, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention is in the field of data transfer in computer and other digital systems.

BACKGROUND

As computer and other digital systems become more complex and more capable, methods and hardware to enhance the transfer of data between system components or elements continually evolve. Data to be transferred include signals representing data, commands, or any other signals. Speed and efficiency of data transfer is particularly critical in systems that run very data-intensive applications, such as graphics applications. In typical systems, graphics processing capability is provided as a part of the central processing unit (CPU) capability, or provided by a separate special purpose processor such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) that communicates with the CPU and assists in processing graphics data for applications such as video games, etc. One or more GPUs may be included in a system. In conventional multi-GPU systems, a bridged host interface (for example a PCI express (PCIe®) bus) interface must share bandwidth between peer to peer traffic and host traffic. Traffic consists primarily of memory data transfers but may often include commands. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art system 100 that includes a root 102. A typical root 102 is a computer chipset, including a central processing unit (CPU), a host bridge 104, and two endpoints EP0 106 a and EP1 106 b. Endpoints are bus endpoints and can be various peripheral components, for example special purpose processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The root 102 is coupled to the bridge 104 by one or more buses to communicate with peripheral components. Some peripheral component endpoints (such as GPUs) require a relatively large amount of bandwidth on the bus because of the large amount of data involved in their functions. It would be desirable to provide an architecture that reduced the number of components and yet provided efficient data transfer between components. For example, the cost of bridge integrated circuits (ICs) is relatively high. In addition, the size of a typical bridge IC is comparable to the size of a graphics processing unit (GPU) which requires additional printed circuit board area and could add to layer counts. Bridge ICs also require additional surrounding components for power, straps, clock and possibly read only memory (ROM).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art processing system with peripheral components.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of portions of a multi-processor system with a multiplexed peripheral component bus, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of portions of a processing system with peripheral components, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a more detailed block diagram of a processing system with peripheral components, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an embodiment in which one bus endpoint includes an internal bridge.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an embodiment that includes more than two bus endpoints, each including an internal bridge.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating views of memory space from the perspectives of various components in a system, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of a multi-processor architecture and method are described herein. Embodiments provide alternatives to the use of an external bridge integrated circuit (IC) architecture. For example, an embodiment multiplexes a peripheral bus such that multiple processors can use one peripheral interface slot without requiring an external bridge IC. Other embodiments include a system with multiple bus endpoints coupled to a bus root via a host bus bridge that is internal to at least one bus endpoint. In addition, the bus endpoints are directly coupled to each other. Embodiments are usable with known bus protocols.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of portions of a multi-processor system 700 with a multiplexed peripheral component bus, according to an embodiment. In this example system, there are two GPUs, a master GPU 702A and a slave GPU 702B. Each GPU 702 has 16 peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe®)) transmit (TX) lanes and 16 PCIe® receive (RX) lanes. Each of GPUs 702 includes a respective data link layer 706 and a respective physical layer (PHY) 704. Eight of the TX/RX lanes of GPU 702A are connected to half of TX/RX lanes of a X16 PCIe® connector, or slot 708. Eight of the TX/RX lanes of GPU 702B are connected to the remaining TX/RX lanes of the X16 PCIe® connector or slot 708. The remaining TX/RX lanes of each of GPU 702A and GPU 702B are connected to each other, providing a direct, high-speed connection between the GPUs 702.

The PCIe® x16 slot 708 (which normally goes to one GPU) is split into two parts. Half of the slot is connected to GPU 702A and the other half is connected to GPU 702B. Each GPU 702 basically echoes back the other half of the data to the other GPU 702. That is, data received by either GPU is forwarded to the other. Each GPU 702 sees the all of the data received by the PCIe® bus, and internally each GPU 702 decides whether it is supposed to answer the request or comments. Each GPU 702 then appropriately responds, or does nothing. Some data or commands, such as “Reset” are applicable to all of the GPUs 702.

From the system level point of view, or from the view of the peripheral bus, there is only one PCIe® load (device) on the PCIe® bus. Either GPU 702A or GPU 702B is accessed based on address. For example, for Address Domain Access, master GPU 702A can be assigned to one half of the address domain and slave GPU 702B can assigned to the other half. The system can operate in a Master/Slave mode or in a Single/Multi GPU modes, and the modes can be identified by straps.

Various data paths are identified by reference numbers. A reference clock (REF CLK) path is indicated by 711. An 8-lane RX-2 path is indicated by 709. An 8-lane RX-1 path is indicated by 713. An 8-lane TX-1 path is indicated by 715. Control signals 710 are non-PCIe® signals such as straps. The (PHY) 704 in each GPU 702 echoes the data to the proper lane or channel. Lane connection can be done in the order, which helps to optimize silicon design and/or to support PCIe® slots with less than 16 lanes. Two GPUs are shown as an example of a system, but the architecture is scalable to n-GPUs. In addition, GPUs 702 are one example of a peripheral component that can be coupled as described. Any other peripheral components that normally communicate with a peripheral component bus in a system could be similarly coupled.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of portions of a processing system 200 with peripheral components, according to an embodiment. System 200 includes a bus root 202 that is similar to the bus root 102 of FIG. 1. The bus root 202 in an embodiment is a chipset including a CPU and system memory. The root 202 is coupled via a bus 209 to an endpoint EP0 206 a that includes an internal bridge 205 a. The bus 209 in an embodiment is a PCI express (PCIe®) bus, but embodiments are not so limited. EP0 206 a is coupled to another endpoint EP1 206 b. EP1 206 b includes an internal bridge 205 b. EP0 205 a and EP1 205B are through their respective bridges via a bus 207. EP1 206 b is coupled through its bridge 205 b to the root 202 via a bus 211. Each of endpoints EP0 206 a and EP1 206 b includes respective local memories 208 a and 208 b. From the perspective of the root 202, 209 and 211 make up transmit and receive lanes respectively of a standard bidirectional point to point data link.

In an embodiment, EP0 206 a and EP1 206 b are identical. As further explained below, in various embodiments, bridge 205 b is not necessary, but is included for the purpose of having one version of an endpoint, such as one version of a GPU, rather than manufacturing two different versions. Note that EP0 may be used standalone by directly connecting it to root 202 via buses 209 and 207; similarly EP1 may be used standalone by directly connecting it to root 202 via buses 207 and 211.

The inclusion of a bridge 205 eliminates the need for an external bridge such as bridge 104 of FIG. 1 when both EP0 and EP1 are present. In contrast to the “Y” or “T” formation of FIG. 1, system 200 moves data in a loop (in this case in a clockwise direction). The left endpoint EP0 can send data directly to the right endpoint EP1. The return path from EP1 to EP0 is through the root 202. As such, the root has the ability to reflect a packet of data coming in from EP1 back out to EP0. In other words, the architecture provides the appearance of a peer-to-peer transaction on the same pair of wires as is used for endpoint to root transactions.

EP0 206 a and EP1 206 b are also configurable to operate in the traditional configuration. That is, EP0 206 a and EP1 206 b are each configurable to communicate directly with the root 202 via buses 209 and 211, which are each bidirectional in such a configuration.

FIG. 4 is a more detailed block diagram of a processing system with peripheral components, according to an embodiment. System 300 is similar to system 200, but additional details are shown. System 300 includes a bus root 302 coupled to a system memory 303. The bus root 302 is further coupled to an endpoint 305 a via a bus 309. For purposes of illustrating a particular embodiment, endpoints 305 a and 305 b are GPUs, but embodiments are not so limited. GPU0 305 a includes multiple clients. Clients include logic, such as shader units and decoder units, for performing tasks. The clients are coupled to an internal bridge through bus interface (I/F) logic, which control all of the read operations and write operations performed by the GPU.

GPU0 305 a is coupled to a GPU1 305 b via a bus 307 from the internal bridge of GPU0 305 a to the internal bridge of GPU1 305 b. In an embodiment, GPU1 305 b is identical to GPU0 305 a and includes multiple clients, an internal bridge and I/F logic. Each GPU typically connects to a dedicated local memory unit often implemented as GDDR DRAM. GPU1 305 b is coupled to the bus root 302 via a bus 311. In one embodiment, as the arrows indicate, data and other messages such as read requests and completions flow in a clockwise loop from the bus root 302 to GPU0 305 a to GPU1 305 b.

In other embodiments, one of the GPUs 305 does not include a bridge. In yet other embodiments, data flows counterclockwise rather than clockwise.

In one embodiment, the protocol that determines data routing is communicated with in such as ways as to make the architecture appears the same as the architecture of FIG. 1. In particular, the bridge in 305 b must appear on link 307 to bridge 305 a as an upstream port, whereas the corresponding attach point on the bridge in 305 a must appear on link 309 to root 302 as a downstream port. Furthermore, the embedded bridge must be able to see its outgoing link as a return path for all requests it receives on its incoming link, even though the physical routing of the two links is different. This is achieved by setting the state of a Chain Mode configuration strap for each GPU. If the strap is set to zero, the bridge assumes both transmit and receive links are to an upstream port, either a root complex or a bridge device. If the strap is set to one, the bridge assumes a daisy-chain configuration.

In another embodiment, the peer to peer bridging function of the root is a two-step process according to which GPU1 305 b writes data to the system memory 303, or buffer. Then as a separate operation GPU0 305 a reads the data back via the bus root 302.

The bus root 302 responds to requests normally, as if the internal bridge were an external bridge (as in FIG. 1). In an embodiment, the bridge of GPU0 305 a is configured to be active, while the bridge of GPU1 305 b is configured to appear as a wire, and simply pass data through. This allows the bus root 302 to see buses 309 and 311 as a normal peripheral interconnect bus. When the bus root reads from the bridge of GPU0 305 a, this bridge sends the data to pass through the bridge of GPU1 305 b and return to the bus root 302 as if the data came directly from GPU0 305 a.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system 400 in which one of the multiple bus endpoints includes an internal bridge. System 400 includes a bus root 402, and an EP0 406 a that includes a bridge 405 a. EP0 406 a is coupled to the root 402 through the bridge 405 a via a bus 409, and also to EP1 b 406 b through the bridge 405 a via a bus 407. Each of endpoints EP0 406 a and EP1 406 b includes respective local memories 408 a and 408 b.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system 500 including more than two bus endpoints, each including an internal bridge. System 500 includes a bus root 502, and an EP0 506 a that includes a bridge 505 a and a local memory 508 a. System 500 further includes an EP1 506 b that includes a bridge 505 b and a local memory 508 b, and an EP1 506 c that includes a bridge 505 c and an internal memory 508 c.

EP0 506 a is coupled to the root 502 through the bridge 505 a via a bus 509, and also to EP1 b 506 b through the bridge 506 b via a bus 507 a. EP0 506 b is coupled to EP1 c 506 c through the bridge 506 c via a bus 507 b. Other embodiments include additional endpoints that are added into the ring configuration. In other embodiments, the system includes more than two endpoints 506, but the rightmost endpoint does not include an internal bridge. In yet other embodiments the flow of data is counterclockwise as opposed clockwise, as shown in the figures.

Referring again to FIG. 4, there are two logical ports on the internal bridge according to an embodiment. One port is “on” in the bridge of GPU0 305 a, and one port is “off” in the bridge of GPU1 305 b. The bus root 302 may perform write operations by sending requests on bus 309. A standard addressing scheme indicates to the bridge to send the request to the bus I/F. If the request is for GPU1 305 b, the bridge routes the request to bus 307. So in an embodiment, the respective internal bridges of GPU0 305 a and GPU1 305 b are programmed differently.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the division of bus address ranges and the view of memory space from the perspective of various components. With reference also to FIG. 4, 602 is a view of memory from the perspective of the bus root, or Host processor 302. 604 is a view of memory from the perspective of the GPU0 305 a internal bridge. 606 is a view of memory from the perspective of the GPU1 305 b internal bridge. The bus address range is divided into ranges for GPU0 305 a, GPU1 305 b, and system 302 memory spaces. The GPU0 305 a bridge is set up so that incoming requests to the GPU0 305 a range are routed to its own local memory. Incoming requests from the root or from GPU0 305 a itself to GPU1 305 b or system 302 ranges are routed to the output port of GPU0 305 a. The GPU1305 b bridge is set up slightly differently so that incoming requests to the GPU1 305 b range are routed to its own local memory. Requests from GPU0 305 a or from GPU1 305 b itself to root or GPU0 305 a ranges are routed to the output port of GPU1 305 b.

The host sees the bus topology as being like the topology of FIG. 1. GPU1 305 b can make its own request to the host processor 302 through its own bridge and it will pass through to the host processor 302. When the host processor 302 is returning a request, it goes through the bridge of GPU0 305 a, which has logic for determining where requests and data are to be routed.

Write operations from GPU1 305 b to GPU0 305 a can be performed in two passes. GPU1 305 b sends data to a memory location in the system memory 303. Then separately, GPU0 305 a reads the data after it learns that the data is in the system memory 303.

Completion messages for read data requests and other split-transaction operations must travel along the wires in the same direction as the requests. Therefore in addition to the address-based request routing described above, device-based routing must be set up in a similar manner. For example, the internal bridge of GPU0 305 a recognizes that the path for both requests and completion messages is via bus 307.

An embodiment includes power management to improve power usage in lightly loaded usage cases. For example in a usage case with little graphics processing, the logic of GPU1 305 b is powered off and the bridging function in GPU1 305 b is reduced to a simple passthrough function from input port to output port. Furthermore, the function of GPU0 305 a is reduced to not process transfers routed from the input port to the output port. In an embodiment, there is a separate power supply for the bridging function in GPU1 305 b. Software detects the conditions under which to power down. Embodiments include a separate power regulator and/or separate internal power sources for bridges that are to be powered down separately from the rest of the logic on the device.

Even in embodiments that do not include the power management described above, system board area is conserved because an external bridge (as in FIG. 1) is not required. The board area and power required for the external bridge and its pins are conserved. On the other hand, it is not required that each of the GPUs have its own internal bridge. In another embodiment, GPU1 305 b does not have an internal bridge, as described with reference to FIG. 5.

The architecture of system 300 is practical in a system that includes multiple slots for add-in circuit boards. Alternatively, system 300 is a soldered system, such as on a mobile device.

Buses 307, 309 and 311 can be PCIe® buses or any other similar peripheral interconnect bus.

Any circuits described herein could be implemented through the control of manufacturing processes and maskworks which would be then used to manufacture the relevant circuitry. Such manufacturing process control and maskwork generation are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include the storage of computer instructions on computer readable media including, for example, Verilog, VHDL or instructions in other hardware description languages.

Aspects of the embodiments described above may be implemented as functionality programmed into any of a variety of circuitry, including but not limited to programmable logic devices (PLDs), such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable array logic (PAL) devices, electrically programmable logic and memory devices, and standard cell-based devices, as well as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and fully custom integrated circuits. Some other possibilities for implementing aspects of the embodiments include microcontrollers with memory (such as electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, etc.), embedded microprocessors, firmware, software, etc. Furthermore, aspects of the embodiments may be embodied in microprocessors having software-based circuit emulation, discrete logic (sequential and combinatorial), custom devices, fuzzy (neural) logic, quantum devices, and hybrids of any of the above device types. Of course the underlying device technologies may be provided in a variety of component types, e.g., metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technologies such as complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), bipolar technologies such as emitter-coupled logic (ECL), polymer technologies (e.g., silicon-conjugated polymer and metal-conjugated polymer-metal structures), mixed analog and digital, etc.

The term “processor” as used in the specification and claims includes a processor core or a portion of a processor. Further, although one or more GPUs and one or more CPUs are usually referred to separately herein, in embodiments both a GPU and a CPU are included in a single integrated circuit package or on a single monolithic die. Therefore a single device performs the claimed method in such embodiments.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number, respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “hereunder,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the word “or” is used in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word, any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the method and system is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the method and system are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to other systems, not only for systems including graphics processing or video processing, as described above. The various operations described may be performed in a very wide variety of architectures and distributed differently than described. In addition, though many configurations are described herein, none are intended to be limiting or exclusive.

In other embodiments, some or all of the hardware and software capability described herein may exist in a printer, a camera, television, a digital versatile disc (DVD) player, a DVR or PVR, a handheld device, a mobile telephone or some other device. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the method and system in light of the above detailed description.

In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the method and system to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include any processing systems and methods that operate under the claims. Accordingly, the method and system is not limited by the disclosure, but instead the scope of the method and system is to be determined entirely by the claims.

While certain aspects of the method and system are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the method and system in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the method and system may be recited as embodied in computer-readable medium, other aspects may likewise be embodied in computer-readable medium. Such computer readable media may store instructions that are to be executed by a computing device (e.g., personal computer, personal digital assistant, PVR, mobile device or the like) or may be instructions (such as, for example, Verilog or a hardware description language) that when executed are designed to create a device (GPU, ASIC, or the like) or software application that when operated performs aspects described above. The claimed invention may be embodied in computer code (e.g., HDL, Verilog, etc.) that is created, stored, synthesized, and used to generate GDSII data (or its equivalent). An ASIC may then be manufactured based on this data.

Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the method and system. 

1. A system comprising: a peripheral component connector coupled to a peripheral component bus; and a plurality of peripheral components coupled directly to the peripheral component connector via a plurality of respective transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes such that the plurality of peripheral components appear to the peripheral component bus as one peripheral device coupled to the peripheral component connector.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of peripheral components are further coupled directly to each other via respective transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of peripheral components is a graphics processing unit (GPU).
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the peripheral component connector is a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe®) slot, and wherein the peripheral component bus is a PCIe® bus.
 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the each peripheral component is configured to receive all of the data transmitted via the peripheral component connector and to decide which data is applicable.
 6. The system of claim 2, wherein each peripheral component forwards all of the data received by it to the remaining peripheral components.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the peripheral components is accessed based on an address.
 8. A multi-processor method, comprising: coupling a plurality of processors to a peripheral bus via respective groups of transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes of the bus; coupling the plurality of processors to each other TX/RX lanes of the plurality of processors that are not coupled to the bus; transmitting data to the plurality of processor directly from the bus to the plurality of processors, wherein each of the plurality of processors is addressable; and transmitting data directly between processors.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the plurality of processor comprises a graphics processing unit (GPU).
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of processors comprise a plurality of GPUs, and wherein the peripheral bus comprises a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe®) bus to which the GPUs are directly coupled.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising coupling the GPUs communicating directly with each other via respective TX/RX lanes.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising a GPU receiving data from the bus and transmitting the data to the other GPUs.
 13. A computer readable medium storing computer readable instructions adapted to enable manufacture of a circuit comprising: a peripheral component connector coupled to a peripheral component bus; and a plurality of peripheral components coupled directly to the peripheral component connector via a plurality of respective transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes such that the plurality of peripheral components appear to the peripheral component bus as one peripheral device coupled to the peripheral component connector, wherein the plurality of peripheral components are further coupled directly to each other via respective transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes.
 14. The computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the instructions comprise hardware description language instructions.
 15. A computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, that when executed in a multi-processor system cause a method to be performed, the method comprising: coupling a plurality of processors to a peripheral bus via respective groups of transmit/receive (TX/RX) lanes of the bus; coupling the plurality of processors to each other TX/RX lanes of the plurality of processors that are not coupled to the bus; transmitting data to the plurality of processor directly from the bus to the plurality of processors, wherein each of the plurality of processors is addressable; and transmitting data directly between processors.
 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15 wherein the plurality of processor comprises a graphics processing unit (GPU).
 17. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the plurality of processors comprise a plurality of GPUs, and wherein the peripheral bus comprises a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe®) bus to which the GPUs are directly coupled.
 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, the method further comprising coupling the GPUs communicating directly with each other via respective TX/RX lanes.
 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 18, the method further comprising a GPU receiving data from the bus and transmitting the data to the other GPUs. 